The Science of Deep Pressure Therapy: An Untapped Treatment Opportunity

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Pressure and Touch Therapy
Pressure and touch therapy is a well-established method for improving mental and physical health in both adults and children, particularly in clinical populations (Packheiser et al., 2024). A meta-review has demonstrated that touch therapy effectively reduces depression, trait anxiety, and pain. Importantly, this efficacy is observed whether the touch is administered through human contact or objects (Packheiser et al., 2024).

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Deep Pressure Therapy (DPT)
Deep Pressure Therapy, a specific type of touch therapy, has shown positive effects since the 1980s, particularly in people experiencing acute anxiety and panic attacks (Bontula et al., 2023; Chen et al., 2013; Edelson et al., 1999; Krauss, 1987). Pioneered by Dr. Temple Grandin, DPT gained attention for its effectiveness in reducing arousal in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (Afif et al., 2022; Edelson et al., 1999). Parallel studies have also explored DPT’s effects in adults and youth.

DPT methods include the use of weighted blankets, inflated vests, swaddling, and pressure machines (Becklund et al., 2021; Brown et al., 2021; Duvall et al., 2016; Mullen et al., 2006; van Sleuwen et al., 2006; Edelson et al., 1999). These methods primarily reduce physiological markers such as heart rate and electrodermal activity, as well as subjective arousal in individuals with or without mental health challenges like PTSD, anxiety disorders, or depression (Reynolds et al., 2015).

 

Efficacy of DPT
Many studies have shown the effectiveness of DPT in alleviating anxiety, irritability, and promoting relaxation. Guinchat et al. (2020) investigated the use of compression garments for six weeks in 14 individuals with ASD. The study found a significant effect after two weeks, which persisted through the six-week mark. Key improvements included reduced irritability, hyperactivity, lethargy, enhanced postural control, and better overall behavioral outcomes. Similarly, weighted blankets used by adults with anxiety resulted in reduced physiological arousal and improved sleep quality (Mullen et al., 2006).

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Mechanisms of Action in Deep Pressure Therapy

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Parasympathetic Nervous System Activation
The therapeutic effects of DPT are thought to involve several mechanisms. The application of deep pressure stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, often called the "rest and digest" system. This helps counterbalance the "fight or flight" response governed by the sympathetic nervous system (Grandin, 1992). This stimulation produces a calming effect, slowing heart rate, reducing cortisol levels, and improving mood (Champagne et al., 2013).

 

Neurotransmitter Release
DPT has also been shown to increase the release of mood-regulating neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine (Brown et al., 2021). The tactile input provided by DPT enhances proprioception and body awareness, contributing to a sense of security and grounding, which can alleviate symptoms of anxiety and stress (Becklund et al., 2021).